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(I) Concept
Laser engraving, or marking, relies on the large energy density within the laser beam to achieve the surface etching effect of the material. It is applicable to all metals, plastics, wood, glass, and part of the colored metals. Its features are high precision, fast speed, and intricate and durable effects.

(II) Processing principle

Laser Generation: It is a very concentrated beam of light which, with the aid of a laser device, is generated. Depending on processing requirements and the type of laser device, it can be continuous or pulsed.
Focusing the beam: The laser beam is guided and focused through a series of optical components, such as lenses and mirrors, into an extremely small location on the surface of the material. The size of this spot determines the fineness of the engraving.
Material Processing: When the focused laser beam falls onto the material's surface, it gets absorbed within a very short period of time. Due to this absorption, the temperature of the material rises at an alarming rate. This considerable temperature can result in various physical or chemical changes in the material, including evaporation. Laser energy may instantly cause evaporation in volatile materials, forming gas.
Melting and Solidification: When the energy created by a laser is applied, it will melt the surface of those materials with a high melting point, which then solidifies quickly to form marks or patterns.
Chemical Reactions: Sometimes, the energy of the laser can bring about chemical reactions on the surface of the material, either in coloration or structural changes.
Control Movement: A control system usually guides the movement of the laser beam to form patterns or texts on the surface of the material. It may be computer-controlled, moving precisely the laser beam according to the design pattern to "draw" on the material's surface what is required.


(III) Laser Engraving Machine
These are devices that use the laser beam to make permanent marks at the surface or inside transparent materials. The laser beam is capable of producing physical or chemical effects in materials and can create marks, patterns, or texts; hence, it is also called a laser marking machine or laser engraving machine.

(IV) Case Analysis
Laser engraving, also referred to as laser marking or laser etching, applies optical principles in its surface treatment process. This process is often applied to mobile phones and electronic dictionary keys. For instance:

Keyboard Production: Different colored oil is sprayed onto the keys, and then a white layer is sprayed overall. Laser engraving scrubs off the white layer, revealing a layer of colored layers that show the colorful keys.
TRANSPARENCY KEYBOARDS The materials are made of PC or PMMA, and a layer of oil is first sprayed on top, followed by laser engraving a text portion to let light pass from the bottom in order to give out a transparent effect.



(V) Working Method
By the way of engraving, laser engraving can be divided into dot matrix engraving and vector cutting:


Dot Matrix Engraving: The swinging of the laser head is similar to high-definition dot matrix printing, moving left and right. Every time, it makes a line composed of a series of dots. The laser head makes several lines up and down to form an integral image or text.
Vector Cutting: This is quite the opposite of dot matrix engraving. The process is done along the outline of the graphic. This mode is majorly applied for cutting through materials such as wood, paper, and acrylic. It can also mark the surface of various materials.


(VI) Performance
Engraving speed, engraving intensity, and spot size are the three most important factors that determine the performance of a laser engraving machine.


Speed: This is the laser head's speed, normally expressed in inches per second, which is defined as the rate at which it travels. High speed can increase production efficiency or control the depth of cut or engraving. Intensity: This relates to the strength or power of the laser, usually stating that the larger the number, the deeper one will be cutting or engraving.
Lens size: is set by lenses of different focal lengths. The smaller the spot, the more suitable for high-resolution engraving; larger spots are better suited for lower resolutions but optimal for vector engraving. The lens configuration is normally standard at 2.0 inches.


(VII) Applicable Materials
It can be engraved on the following materials: bamboo; wood products; acrylic; metal plates; glass; stone; crystal; Corian; paper; two-color plates; aluminum oxide; leather; plastic; epoxy resin; polyester resin; and coated metals.

(VIII) Safety protection
Hazards


Laser damage: Eyes and skin can be damaged by VLT& NIR; some UV wavelengths can be carcinogenic.
Chemical damage: Toxic particles or gases
Electrical damage: High voltage or high current from laser power supply


Safety levels



Class I: No hazard laser systems, below 0.4 mW
Class II: Low-intensity visible light laser systems, 0.4 mW~1 mW
Class III: Medium-intensity laser systems



Class IIIa: Not hazardous to unprotected eyes but hazardous when focused, 1.0 mW~5 mW
Class IIIb: No hazardous diffuse reflections, 5.0 mW~500 mW



Class IV: High-power laser system, above 500 mW


Protective Measures



Avoid direct eye exposure to the laser beam.
Use warning signs.
Only experienced personnel should operate the laser.
Enclose the beam path to prevent leakage.
Wear appropriate protective eyewear.
Avoid placing body parts in the beam or reflection areas.
Remove unnecessary reflective objects from the work area.
Provide appropriate shielding around the workpiece.
Set up the laser system to avoid direct eye level placement.
Ensure proper ventilation and exhaust in the work environment (wear masks during operation).
Be aware of high voltage in the laser power supply to prevent electric shock.


(IX) Laser Engraving Steps


Design: Use special software to make the pattern or text wanted and then change it into a form that the laser engraving machine will understand. Positioning involves the material being put in the correct position within the laser engraving machine. The material also has to be held firmly in place. Engrave: After designing and positioning, start the laser engraving machine, and it will do what has been designed accordingly.
Post-processing: Clean the material or perform other post-processing to obtain the desired effect after engraving.


Applications



It has a very wide application in Laser Engraving:
Signage Production: Company logos, product labels.
Personalized Customization: Personalized gifts, souvenirs.
Craft Making: Wood carving, stone carving.
Electronics Industry: Circuit board engraving, precision component processing.


Owing to its high precision and durability, laser engraving has become one of the key technologies in many industries.
 

The salt spray test is an environmental test designed to assess the corrosion resistance of products or metal materials. It involves creating an artificial salt spray environment using specialized equipment. There are two primary categories of salt spray testing:

Natural Exposure Tests - Rarely performed due to the long duration and labor involved.
Artificial Accelerated Salt Spray Tests - A faster and more controlled method. Here, a saltwater solution is atomized and sprayed in a closed, temperature-controlled chamber. By observing the changes in the sample over time, the corrosion resistance is assessed.


Principles of the Salt Spray Test
Corrosion in most metals occurs in atmospheric conditions containing oxygen, humidity, and other corrosive factors. Salt spray corrosion, one of the most common and destructive forms, involves electrochemical reactions. Chloride ions, highly penetrating and capable of displacing protective oxide layers, play a significant role in this process, leading to material degradation.

Types of Salt Spray Tests


Neutral Salt Spray Test (NSS)


Uses a 5% sodium chloride solution at a neutral pH (6.5–7.2).
Operates at 35°C with a salt deposition rate of 1–2 ml/80 cm² per hour.
Suitable for metals, alloys, conversion coatings, and anodized films.


Acetic Acid Salt Spray Test (AASS)

Involves adding acetic acid to adjust the solution to an acidic pH (3.1–3.3).
Accelerates corrosion three times faster than NSS.
Often used for decorative coatings like copper-nickel-chromium or anodized aluminum.


Copper-Accelerated Acetic Acid Salt Spray Test (CASS)

Includes copper chloride (CuCl₂) to enhance corrosion.
Corrosion rate is eight times faster than NSS.
Suitable for evaluating high-performance decorative coatings.


Cyclic Salt Spray Test

Combines salt spray with alternating humidity cycles.
Commonly used for complex products where internal and external corrosion needs assessment.




Evaluation Methods


Grading Method: Evaluates the ratio of corroded to total surface area.
Weight Loss Method: Measures the weight difference before and after testing to determine material degradation.
Visual Inspection: Assesses the presence of corrosion visually, often used in product standards.
Statistical Analysis: Provides confidence levels for data and trends in corrosion resistance.


Common Standards for Salt Spray Tests


GB/T 10125-2021: Artificial Atmosphere Corrosion Test.
GB/T 2423.17-2008: Environmental Testing for Electrical Products.
IEC 60068-2-11: Salt Spray Testing for Electronic Products.
GJB 150.11A-2009: Salt Spray Testing for Military Equipment.


Factors Affecting Test Results


Salt solution concentration
Temperature and humidity
Sample placement angle
Spraying method
Test duration and interruptions

What is Ingress protection (IP)?

IP code or ingress protection code is defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) under the international standard IEC 60529 which classifies and provides a guideline to the degree of protection provided by mechanical casings and electrical enclosures against intrusion, dust, accidental contact, and water. It is published in the European Union by the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) as EN 60529.

The standard aims to provide users more detailed information than vague marketing terms such as waterproof. For example, a cellular phone rated at IP67 is "dust resistant" and can be "immersed in 1 meters of freshwater for up to 30 minutes". Similarly, an electrical socket rated IP22 is protected against insertion of fingers and will not become unsafe during a specified test in which it is exposed to vertically or nearly vertically dripping water. IP22 or IP2X are typical minimum requirements for the design of electrical accessories for indoor use.

The digits indicate conformity with the conditions summarized in the tables below. The digit 0 is used where no protection is provided. The digit is replaced with the letter X when insufficient data has been gathered to assign a protection level. The device can become less capable, however it cannot become unsafe.

Protection against solid objects
0 – No protection/ No test required
1 – Protected against objects greater than 50mm diameter
2 – Protected against objects greater than 12.5mm diameter, such as a finger
3 – Protected against objects greater than 2.5mm
4 – Protected against objects greater than 1.0mm such as wire
5 – Ingress of dust is not totally prevented but dust does not enter in harmful quantities to interfere with the correct operation or impair safety
6 – No ingress of dust permitted

Protection against water
0 – No protection / No test required
1 – Protected against falling drops of water
2 – Protected against drops falling at 15° in 4 fixed positions
3 – Low pressure spray – similar to shower head at up to 60° from vertical tested using an oscillating tube with an arc of 60° for ten minutes
4 – Low pressure spray – similar to shower head – as per numeral 3 but 180° for 10 minutes
5 – Medium pressure jet – 6.3mm diameter, similar to garden hose – from any angle for 3 minutes at a distance of 2.5-3 metres.
6 – High pressure jet – 12.5mm diameter, similar to fire hose – from any angle for 3 minutes at a distance of 2.5-3 meters.
7 – Immersion – for temporary immersion in water under set conditions – 1 metre for 30 minutes
8 – Protected against the effects of continuous immersion in water, ingress of water in quantities causing harmful effects shall not be possible. Conditions should be more severe than for numeral 7.
9 – Steam clean, high pressure, high temp jet wash to DIN40050 (German Std), extends BS EN 60529:1992

IP Enclosures at Deltron

At Deltron Enclosures, we can offer IP54 enclosures, which are suited to light duty environments that may require some level of protection from dust.

For more demanding applications, we also manufacture IP66 and IP68 enclosures. These are suited to industries mentioned previously in this article, where the applications are located in tough environments and therefore ingress protection is a priority.

In addition, our IP66 and IP68 enclosures are available in a heavy duty version for a durable enclosure. They are often used for deep water applications, or when the engineer requires resilient casing for the electronic components.

WHAT ARE E-MARK?
In order for lighting products to be traded on the European market, they must meet certain requirements in the areas of safety, health and the environment. For example, with regard to the safety of drivers of vehicles and their surroundings when it comes to lighting, regulations have been drawn up by the Economic Commission for Europe: ECE. Directives (indicated with the letter R) lay down, for example, the amount of light, visibility, flashing frequency, etc. of headlights, rear lights, flash units, work lights, etc.

WHAT ARE E-MARK?
In order for lighting products to be traded on the European market, they must meet certain requirements in the areas of safety, health and the environment. For example, with regard to the safety of drivers of vehicles and their surroundings when it comes to lighting, regulations have been drawn up by the Economic Commission for Europe: ECE. Directives (indicated with the letter R) lay down, for example, the amount of light, visibility, flashing frequency, etc. of headlights, rear lights, flash units, work lights, etc.

Ultrasonic welding is a widely used technology in the manufacturing process of automotive lights. This technique uses high-frequency ultrasonic vibrations to fuse two plastic parts together, creating a strong bond. Here is some relevant knowledge about ultrasonic welding for automotive lights:

Principle

Ultrasonic welding uses high-frequency ultrasonic vibrations (typically between 20 kHz and 40 kHz) to transfer energy to the contact surfaces of the plastic parts to be joined. Under the action of high-frequency vibrations, the plastic contact surfaces generate localized high temperatures, causing the material to melt and fuse. When the vibrations stop, the melted material cools and solidifies, forming a strong bond.

Advantages


Speed and Efficiency: The ultrasonic welding process is usually completed within seconds, making it suitable for mass production.
High Strength: The joints formed have high mechanical strength and can withstand significant external forces.
No Additional Materials: No adhesives or other auxiliary materials are needed, reducing costs and the risk of material contamination.
High Precision: It enables high-precision bonding, suitable for complex and fine components.
Environmentally Friendly: Ultrasonic welding does not produce harmful gases, making it environmentally friendly.


Applications

Ultrasonic welding is widely used in the assembly of various plastic parts in automotive lights, such as:


Bonding Lenses and Housings: Joining transparent or semi-transparent lenses to the housing.
Fixing Lenses and Reflectors: Securing optical lenses and reflectors in place.
Assembling Internal Components: Securing internal brackets, heat sinks, and light guides.


Material Requirements

Ultrasonic welding is mainly suitable for thermoplastic materials, such as:


Polycarbonate (PC)
Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)
Polypropylene (PP)
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)


These materials can melt and fuse under ultrasonic vibrations to form a strong bond.

Operating Steps



Prepare the Workpieces: Place the plastic parts to be joined in the ultrasonic welding machine's fixture.
Set Parameters: Set the ultrasonic welding machine parameters, such as vibration frequency, amplitude, welding time, and pressure.
Start Welding: Start the ultrasonic welding machine to begin the welding process.
Cool and Remove: After welding is complete, allow the material to cool and solidify, then remove the bonded workpieces.


Maintenance and Inspection



Regular Equipment Checks: Regularly check the components of the ultrasonic welding machine to ensure normal operation.
Clean the Welding Head: Regularly clean the welding head to avoid contaminants affecting welding quality.
Test Bond Strength: Regularly perform bond strength tests to ensure welding quality meets requirements.


Summary

Ultrasonic welding technology offers significant advantages in automotive light manufacturing, such as speed, efficiency, high strength, and high precision. By choosing the right materials and operating parameters, ultrasonic welding can achieve high-quality bonds, meeting the stringent requirements of automotive light manufacturing.
 

WHAT ARE E-MARK?
In order for lighting products to be traded on the European market, they must meet certain requirements in the areas of safety, health and the environment. For example, with regard to the safety of drivers of vehicles and their surroundings when it comes to lighting, regulations have been drawn up by the Economic Commission for Europe: ECE. Directives (indicated with the letter R) lay down, for example, the amount of light, visibility, flashing frequency, etc. of headlights, rear lights, flash units, work lights, etc.

WHAT ARE E-MARK?
In order for lighting products to be traded on the European market, they must meet certain requirements in the areas of safety, health and the environment. For example, with regard to the safety of drivers of vehicles and their surroundings when it comes to lighting, regulations have been drawn up by the Economic Commission for Europe: ECE. Directives (indicated with the letter R) lay down, for example, the amount of light, visibility, flashing frequency, etc. of headlights, rear lights, flash units, work lights, etc.

The article provides detailed knowledge about sandblasting, including the concept, how the process works, the material, and the tools it needs.

The article mainly talks about ultrasonic processing, including the basic introduction, several types of ultrasonic machining, characteristics, and equipment.

PMMA, or acrylic glass, is a transparent, durable plastic with high light clarity and good chemical stability. It’s used in lighting, lenses, displays, and medical devices. Although it is brittle and prone to scratching, PMMA is flame-resistant and environmentally friendly.

The article provides a detailed overview of PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), covering its production, properties, applications, and limitations, including its chemical stability, physical characteristics, and processing requirements.